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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of the cases of COVID-19 epidemic clusters, and explore the influence of family factors and social factors such as group activities on the spread of the disease. Methods The data of cases of COVID-19 epidemic clusters from 19 January, 2020 to 25 February, 2020 were collected from the official platforms of 36 cities in 6 provinces in China. Descriptive statistical methods, χ 2 test and curve fitting were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the clustered cases. Results By 25 February, 2020, the data of 1 052 cases in 366 epidemic clusters were collected. In these clustered cases, 86.9%(914/1 050) occurred in families. Among the 1 046 cases with gender information, 513 were males (49.0%) and 533 were females (51.0%). The cases were mainly young adults between 18 and 59 years old, accounting for 68.5% (711/1 038). In the 366 epidemic clusters , the clusters in which the first confirmed cases with the history of sojourn in Wuhan or Hubei accounted for 47.0%(172/366). From 19 January to 3 February, 2020, the first confirmed cases with Wuhan or Hubei sojourn history accounted for 66.5%. From 4 to 25 February, the first confirmed cases who had Wuhan or Hubei sojourn history accounted for only 18.2%. The median of interval between the first generation case onset and the second generation case onset was 5 (2-8) days. The median of onset- diagnosis interval of the initial cases was 6 (3-9) days, and the median of onset-diagnosis interval of the secondary cases was 5 (3-8) days. Conclusions Epidemic clusters of COVID-19 were common in many cities outside Wuhan and Hubei. Close contact in family was one of the main causes for the spread of household transmission of the virus. After 4 February, the epidemic clusters were mainly caused by the first generation or second generation cases in local areas, and the time for diagnosis became shorter.
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Objective@#To explore the association between the health literacy (HL) and smoking behaviors in middle school students.@*Methods@#From November 2015 to January 2016, middle school students in Shenyang City of Liaoning Province, Bengbu City of Anhui Province, Xinxiang City of Henan Province, Ulanqab City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chongqing City and Yangjiang City of Guangdong Province were enrolled by using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. A total of 23 137 questionnaires were issued and 22 628 questionnaires were valid. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect demographic information, HL and smoking behaviors. The low, middle, and high-level group were classified according to the tertile of HL score. A multiple logistic regression model was conducted to explore the association between the HL and smoking behaviors.@*Results@#The age of subjects was (15.4±1.8) years old, and HL score was (104.1±18.7) points. The proportion of former smoking, recent smoking and passive smoking was 9.2% (2 071), 2.8% (635) and 27.9% (6 304), respectively. The proportion of former smokers who tried to quit smoking was 50.1% (1 037/2 071). Compared to the high-level HL, the low-level HL increased the risk of former smoking [OR (95%CI): 1.85 (1.61−2.13)], recent smoking [OR (95%CI): 1.68 (1.33−2.14)] and passive smoking [OR (95%CI): 1.34 (1.23−1.46)], and decreased the likelihood of smoking cessation [OR (95%CI): 0.70 (0.53−0.92)], after adjusting for the gender, school type, registered residence, household structure, accommodation type, educational level of patients, and self-reported family economic status.@*Conclusion@#The HL of middle school students was related to their smoking behaviors.
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Objective@#To explore the correlation of health literacy and mobile phone use dependence with psychopathological symptoms in middle school students.@*Methods@#22 628 middle school students in Shenyang, Bengbu, Xinxiang, Ulanqab, Chongqing and Yangjiang were enrolled by multistage cluster sampling method from November 2015 to January 2016. Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire (CAIHLQ), Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU) and Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents (MSQA) were applied to acquire basic characteristics, health literacy, mobile phone use dependence and psychopathological symptoms of subjects. Subjects were classified into three groups, low level (<P25), medium level (P25-P75) and high level (>P75), according to the percentile of the questionnaire score. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation of health literacy, mobile phone with psychopathological symptoms.@*Results@#The students were (15.4±1.8) years old with 10 990 boys (48.6%). The score of health literacy of students were (104.1±18.7) points. The rate of mobile phone use dependence was 25.4% (5 752/22 628) and the rate of psychopathological symptoms was 29.1% (6 581/22 628). Compared with high health literacy level, medium and low health literacy levels were related to psychopathological symptoms, with OR (95%CI) about 2.30 (2.10-2.52) and 5.40 (4.89-5.97), respectively. Compared with mobile phone use independence, mobile phone use dependence was related to psychopathological symptoms, with OR (95%CI) about 3.60(3.37-3.85). The highest rate of psychopathological symptoms occurred in students with mobile phone use dependence and low health literacy level [68.0% (1 345/1 977)], with OR (95%CI) about 19.59 (17.07-22.48).@*Conclusion@#Health literacy and mobile phone use dependence are related factors of psychopathological symptoms in middle school students.
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Objective To investigate the interaction between health literacy,mobile phone dependence and unintentional injuries in middle school students,and to provide guidance for prevention on unintentional injuries in adolescents.Methods From November 2015 to January 2016,a questionnaire survey was conducted among 22 628 middle school students in Shenyang of Liaoning province,Bengbu of Anhui province,Xinxiang of Henan province,Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Chongqing and Yangjiang of Guangdong province.Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire (CAIHLQ),Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU),and Unintentional Injuries Assessment Scale and demographic variables were used to measure the health literacy,mobile phone dependence and unintentional injuries among the Chinese middle school students.Results The detection rates of mobile phone dependence and unintentional injuries were 25.4％ and 46.7％,respectively.The rates of unintentional injuries of middle school students with mobile phone dependence and with low,medium and high health literacy were 53.6％,44.4％ and 48.8％,48.1％,41.7％.Factors as mobile phone dependence,low and middle health literacy were positively related to unintentional injuries (OR=1.452,1.196,1.364).However,the multiplicative interaction between mobile phone dependence and health literacy on unintentional injuries was noticed significant (OR=1.217,95％CI:1.041-1.422).Conclusions Our results showed that the prevalence of unintentional injuries was relatively high in middle school students.Health literacy and mobile phone dependence seemed related to unintentional injuries.Interaction between health literacy and mobile phone dependence on unintentional injuries appeared significant.
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Objective To investigate the interaction between health literacy,mobile phone dependence and unintentional injuries in middle school students,and to provide guidance for prevention on unintentional injuries in adolescents.Methods From November 2015 to January 2016,a questionnaire survey was conducted among 22 628 middle school students in Shenyang of Liaoning province,Bengbu of Anhui province,Xinxiang of Henan province,Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Chongqing and Yangjiang of Guangdong province.Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire (CAIHLQ),Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU),and Unintentional Injuries Assessment Scale and demographic variables were used to measure the health literacy,mobile phone dependence and unintentional injuries among the Chinese middle school students.Results The detection rates of mobile phone dependence and unintentional injuries were 25.4％ and 46.7％,respectively.The rates of unintentional injuries of middle school students with mobile phone dependence and with low,medium and high health literacy were 53.6％,44.4％ and 48.8％,48.1％,41.7％.Factors as mobile phone dependence,low and middle health literacy were positively related to unintentional injuries (OR=1.452,1.196,1.364).However,the multiplicative interaction between mobile phone dependence and health literacy on unintentional injuries was noticed significant (OR=1.217,95％CI:1.041-1.422).Conclusions Our results showed that the prevalence of unintentional injuries was relatively high in middle school students.Health literacy and mobile phone dependence seemed related to unintentional injuries.Interaction between health literacy and mobile phone dependence on unintentional injuries appeared significant.